However, he found the city in a state of turbulence, and he was planning to go back to Avignon when he died on March 27, 1378. Surviving panel paintings of the best quality from before 1390 are very rare except from Italy and the Prague court. Western Schism, in the history of the Roman Catholic Church, the period from 1378 to 1417, when there were two, and later three, rival popes, each with his own following, his own Sacred College of Cardinals, and his own administrative offices. Definition of Avignon in the Definitions.net dictionary. [1] It then spread very widely across Western Europe, hence the name for the period, which was introduced by the French art historian Louis Courajod at the end of the 19th century.[2]. In the fifteenth century the cities of Flanders, especially Bruges, came to outstrip Paris as a centre of both manuscript illumination and panel painting. Kings and princes resisted papal claims that were rooted in … [7] As the style developed in Northern Europe, Italian artists were in turn influenced by it. In 1377, Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome. The issues that separated Boniface and Philip concerned the prerogative power of the pope over secular matters that involved the church and her agents as well as taxation of the clergy and church lands. A number of central works of International Gothic work are votive portraits of monarchs with a sacred figure – in some cases being received into Heaven by them, as with a miniature of Jean, Duc de Berry, and some of his relatives, being welcomed by Saint Peter in the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry. "[4], The important Bohemian version of the style developed in the court of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor in Prague, which for a brief period[5] became a leading force in the development of European art. Republican Siena had a large influence on the development of the style, but kept to its own dignified Gothic style throughout the period, and afterwards, while the flamboyant Visconti court at Milan, also closely related to the French royal family, was the most important Italian centre of the courtly style. Charles had at least one Italian altarpiece, apparently made in Italy and sent to Prague, near where it remains today in his showpiece Karlštejn Castle. The Avignon Papacy - When the Popes Resided in France. King Richard II of England kneels. Try Prime Hello, Sign in Account & Lists Sign in Account & Lists Returns & Orders Try Prime Cart. In some works, above all the famous calendar scenes of the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry, the beginnings of real landscape painting are seen. Start studying Avignon Papacy. Czech art historians coined the term "Beautiful Style" (Schöner Stil), particularly because of a number of "Schöne Madonnen" or "Beautiful Madonnas". Avignon, city, capital of Vaucluse département, Provence–Alpes–Côte d’Azur région, southeastern France. The term "Avignon Papacy" refers to the Catholic papacy during the period from 1309 through 1377, when the popes lived in and operated out of Avignon, France, instead of their traditional home in Rome. In the north the miniatures of the Très Riches Heures Limbourg brothers, in Italy the Adoration of the Magi of Lorenzo Monaco, and sculpture and miniatures in many countries show very stylised tall figures, the older men with imposingly long beards and swaying figures. Jean de Vaudetar, chamberlain of king Charles V of France, presents his gift of a manuscript to the King, 1372. The papacy was no longer a merely local institution, but a prize which was definitely worth fighting over. The Western Great Schism: Two Popes at One Time The Western Great Schism began on September 20, 1378 with the election of Clement VII in Avignon, France. Ingo F. Walther, Robert Shia Lebouf Wundram, Prague's prominence as a style-setting center was repeated with the, Levey, 12–38, discusses several of these. 25, youngest. 1439, The Golden Bull; illuminated manuscript from Prague, ca 1400, Madonna by André Beauneveu from one of the Duke of Berry's manuscripts, with a richly populated grisaille background, ca 1402, Lorenzo Monaco's The Flight into Egypt (c.1405) Tempera on poplar, 21,2 x 35,5 cm, Mary of Guelders (the wife of Reinoud IV) depicted as the Virgin Mary, Dutch, 1415, Adoration of the Magi by Conrad von Soest, German, ca. After the Crusades come the exile in Avignon , the Western Schism , and conciliarism - all of these represent attempts, by one party of another, to control the papacy. The Votive Panel of Jan Očko of Vlašim. But outside Florence and the leading courts the International Gothic still held sway, gradually developing in directions that once again diverged considerably between Italy and Europe north of the Alps. Page from the Hours of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, Milan. In an attempt to It also makes a more practised use of perspective, modelling, and setting. The Bohemian style initially lacked the elongated figures of other centres, but had a richness and sweetness in female figures that were very influential. why was Rome the ordinary residance of the Pope, 110 acres (smallest country in the world), during the Avignon Papacy, where did the popes live, how many popes were there during the Avignon Papacy, what do Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip IV disagree about, taxation of the clergy; jurisdiction of the clergy, sends an army to Rome to capture the pope, pope made a royal prisoner; loyal cardinals drive out the French; Pope Boniface VIII dies shortly after being freed, King ________ uses influence to have a _________ pope elected, who is the French pope King Philip uses influence to elect, why did Clement V move the Papal Residence to Avignon, feared a mob in Rome; wanted to stop defamation of Pope Boniface, who did the Avignon Papacy end with, and who persuaded him to move the Papal Residence to Rome, Pope Gregory XI; Saint Catherine of Siena, how many children did Catherine's mother have and which child was catherine, what order did Catherine join at the age of 7, where was she sent in 1376, and what did she talk about, to speak with the pope about the conflict between the Papal States and Florence, What did Pope gregory promise that was revealed to Catherine, who tried to stop Catherine from meeting with the pope, Catherine of Siena is a ___________ in the church, what are the consequences of the Avignon Papacy, financial corruption; political corruption; and loss of moral authority. International Gothic is a period of Gothic art which began in Burgundy, France, and northern Italy in the late 14th and early 15th century. The second half of the 13th century was a troubled period. The name given to the papacy (1308 – 78) because of its residence for some 70 years at avignon instead of at Rome.. Reasons for Residence at Avignon. [13] Nottingham alabaster carvings, produced in considerable quantities by workshops to standard patterns, were exported all over Western Europe to value-conscious parish churches. In the time leading up to Clement V moving from Rome to Avignon, there was a power struggle between the Popes and Kings. Both, like the Sherborne Missal, are marked by extravagantly decorated borders. The period from 1073 to 1517 is the time in history when the Roman Catholic Church held a "death grip" on everything, and rose to its greatest heights as an ecclesiastical organization. Avignon, city, capital of Vaucluse département, Provence–Alpes–Côte d’Azur région, southeastern France. BENEDICT XIII (1394-1429) Pedro de Luna was elected and took the name of Benedict XIII, finding himself at the head of a Church that was deeply split. Pope Benedict XII: 1334–1342 4. The Avignon papacy was a papacy under strong French influence because most of the cardinals were French. 1432–36. When Gregory XI died in 1378, an Italian again was elected to be pope – Urban VI. Pope Clement V: 1305–1314; Pope John XXII: 1316–1334; Pope Benedict XII: 1334–1342; Pope Clement VI: 1342–1352 peacemaker. Among the Popes who resided in Avignon, subsequent Catholic historiography grants legitimacy to these: 1. This paragraph follows Roger-Armand Weigert. Mary Magdalen and angels, end 14th century (? A Profile of Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus. Papacy, the office and jurisdiction of the bishop of Rome, the pope (Latin papa, from Greek pappas, “father”), who presides over the central government of the Roman Catholic Church, the largest of the three major branches of Christianity.The term pope was originally applied to all the bishops in the West and also used to describe the patriarch of Alexandria, who still retains the title. For St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague, he first used a French architect, and then the German Peter Parler.[6]. Gregory XI, the last French pope, returned the offices of the papacy to Rome in 1377. [8] From this period come the earliest surviving panel portraits of monarchs, and royal manuscripts show a greatly increased number of realistic portraits of the monarch who commissioned them. When reformers finally tried to move the papacy back to Rome, however, the result was even worse. Martin Luther wrote On the Babylonian Captivity of the Popes, which he later claimed was about the Avignon Papacy. In sculpture the leading Italian artists remained closer to classicism, and were less affected by the movement; Lorenzo Ghiberti is in many respects close to the style, but already seems infused with Early Renaissance classicism. Avignon Papacy (1305-1377) Catherine of Siena (1347-1380) Historians agree that he was the start of the decline of the p… A period of 72 years from 1305-1377 when the Bishop of Rome re… The Avignon Papacy had developed a reputation for corruption that estranged major parts of Western Christendom. In Northern Europe "Late Gothic" continuations of the style, especially in its decorative elements, could still be found until the early 16th century, as no alternative decorative vocabulary emerged locally to replace it before Renaissance revival of Classicism. Home. Answer: The Avignon Papacy was the time period in which the Roman Catholic pope resided in Avignon, France, instead of in Rome, from approximately 1309 to 1377. the papacy and the holy roman empire during the early avignon era, 1300-1360 the babylonian captivity of the papacy, 1309-1377 – brewminate the conflict between the pope and the holy roman emperor basically boiled down to a dispute over which of them was … Pope Gregory XI: 1370–1378 The two Avignon-based antipopeswere: 1. Books Advanced Search Today's Deals New Releases Best Sellers The Globe & Mail Best Sellers New York Times Best Sellers Best Books of the Month Children's Books Textbooks Kindle Books Livres en français Advanced Search Today's Deals New Releases Best Sellers The Globe & Mail Best Sellers New York Times Best Sellers Best Books of the Month Children's Books Textbooks Exotic clothes, based loosely on those of the contemporary Middle East or Byzantine Empire, are worn by figures in biblical scenes; many figures seem to be included just to show off these costumes. A further vehicle of the International Gothic style was provided by the tapestry-weaving centers of Arras, Tournai and Paris,[14] where tapestry production was permanently disordered by the English occupation of 1418–36. Avignon synonyms, Avignon pronunciation, Avignon translation, English dictionary definition of Avignon. Elected by the first ballot of Papal The Avignon Papacy was the period from 1309 to 1376 during which seven Popes resided in Avignon, in modern-day France. Information and translations of Avignon in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on … The prestige and pomp of the Avignon papacy reaches its peak under the illustrious pontificate of Clement VI (1342 - 1352 who bought the city from Queen Jeanne for 80,000 gold florins. Master Bertram and Conrad von Soest were leading regional masters in Germany, working largely for city burghers. In Burgundy Jean Malouel, Melchior Broederlam and Henri Bellechose were succeeded by Robert Campin and Jan van Eyck who took Early Netherlandish painting in the direction of greater illusionism. The Hours of Gian Galeazzo Visconti from Milan was a key work, as was the Wenceslas Bible (with the text in German) of Charles IV's son. This and family relationships gave him intimate links with the various courts of France, including that of the Avignon Papacy, and from 1363 the separate Valois Duchy of Burgundy under Philip the Bold. Figures begin to be given more space in their settings, and interest is taken in realistically depicted plants and animals. Learn about the history and resolution of the Western Schism. Life of the Virgin with Adoration of the Magi in the central panel. This first sentence is a little bit false because while the concordat was officially a religious settlement on behalf of the French nation, Napoleon and the aims of the future French empire … Smaller painted wood figures, most often of the Madonna, were significant, and being relatively portable, probably helped to disseminate the style across Europe. Pope John XXII: 1316–1334 3. Religious and secular subjects vied in this essentially secular art.[16]. Conflict between Church & State Roman Catholic Church reached the height of its power in the 13th century Popes claimed universal authority and attempted to exercise that authority over European secular rulers (remember Gregory VII, Urban II, Innocent III, etc.) [3] Some art historians feel the term is "in many ways ... not very helpful ... since it tends to skate over both differences and details of transmission. Pope Clement VI: 1342–1352 5. Petrarch studied law at the University of Montpellier (1316–20) and Bologna (1320–23) with a … The Avignon Papacy, also known as the Babylonian Captivity, was the period from 1309 to 1376 during which seven successive popes resided in Avignon (then in the Kingdom of Arles, part of the Holy Roman Empire, now in France) rather than in Rome. The Meeting of the Magi from the Très Riches Heures by the Limbourg brothers, from the Northern Netherlands but working in France. It was the seat of the papacy from 1309 to 1378 and the residence of several antipopes from 1378 to 1417.... Avignon - definition of Avignon … In particular Broederlam had spent some years in Italy, and it has been speculated that the Master of the Parement was himself Bohemian, as his known French works are very few, and extremely close to Bohemian art.[11]. [10] Stylistic features are a dignified elegance, which replaces monumentality, along with rich decorative colouring, elongated figures and flowing lines. Tapestry weavers themselves could be induced to move workshops, though they remained tied to the accessibility of English wool. Pope Innocent VI: 1352–1362 6. A city of southeast France on the Rhone River. They also had to sell the service of repenting. Summary The 7 Popes Benedict XII The Avignon Papacy is the period from 1309-1378, when 7 successive popes resided in Avignon. AVIGNON PAPACY. It lies at a point on the east bank of the Rhône River where the narrow valley opens into a broad delta plain, northwest of Nîmes. Papacy definition is - the office of pope. The main influences were northern France, the Netherlands, the Duchy of Burgundy, the Imperial court in Prague, and Italy. Oh no! The arts and architecture transitioned into the Early Renaissance. During the High Middle Ages, European powers gained through the religious unity which was established by the Papacy. From 1309 to 1377 the papacy was dominated by the kings of France, and the papal court was located in the French city of Avignon. He served from 1430 to 1437. Beautiful Madonna from Wrocław, National Museum in Warsaw. 13 Notable Women of Medieval Europe. Charles came from the Luxembourg dynasty, was tutored by the future Pope Clement VI, and as a youth spent seven years at the French court, as well as visiting Italy twice. C This article has been rated as C-Class on the project's quality scale. [8] . In 1301, tradition holds that he was visited by the great poet Dante, but this is doubted by some scholars. Suites accompanied their seigneurial owners from one unheated and empty château to another. The last was particularly damaging, since the papacy in Avignon had declared that the sacraments were necessary to salvation. Western Schism, in the history of the Roman Catholic Church, the period from 1378 to 1417, when there were two, and later three, rival popes, each with his own following, his own Sacred College of Cardinals, and his own administrative offices. Avignon papacy, Roman Catholic papacy during the period 1309–77, when the popes took up residence at Avignon, France, instead of at Rome, primarily because of the current political conditions. Late Middle Ages, The period of European history during 14th to 16th century (1300-1500) is considered as the Late Middle Ages. The Avignon Papacy, also known as the Babylonian Captivity, was the period from 1309 to 1376 during which seven successive popes resided in Avignon (then in the Kingdom of Arles, part of the Holy Roman Empire, now in France) rather than in Rome. The popes took up residence at Avignon for reasons that were partly historical, partly personal, and partly political. The Papacy had lost much of its authority in their own lands surrounding Rome and successive Pontiffs sought to reclaim these territories, which, were known as the Papal States. what was Catherine of Siena known as. Pope Clement V: 1305–1314 2. Therefore the papacy needed to pull off political schemes. Of the seven popes residing at Avignon, all were Frenchmen by birth. she was upset about the Papacy she went to Avignon her willingness to tend the dying, the pope gave her an audience. Arras was attached to the Burgundian inheritance in 1384 and captured by Louis XI in 1470, after which Arras rapidly declined as a tapestry-weaving centre. What does Avignon mean? The Wilton Diptych 1395–99. Tapestries that have been preserved in the treasuries of cathedrals have originally been the gifts of their owners, as have those in today's museums. Avignon Papacy: | | ||| | Map of the city of Rome, showing an allegorical figure... World Heritage Encyclopedia, the aggregation of the largest online encyclopedias available, and the most definitive collection ever assembled. There were several notable features of the Avignon papacy. It lies at a point on the east bank of the Rhône River where the narrow valley opens into a broad delta plain, northwest of Nîmes. Many of these artists moved between countries or regions during their careers, exposing them to the styles of other centres. The former Palais des Papes (Popes' Palace) is in the background. International Gothic is a period of Gothic art which began in Burgundy, France, and northern Italy in the late 14th and early 15th century. He was the second pope elected by the same college of cardinals in six months, and for the first time in history there were two "legitimate" claimants to be head of the church in Rome. Avignon and Its Papacy, 1309–1417: Popes, Institutions, and Society (Critical Issues in World and International History) eBook: Rollo-Koster, Joëlle: Amazon.ca: Kindle Store One particularly vociferous critic was Petrarch , who had spent most of his childhood in Avignon and, after taking minor orders, was to spend more time there in clerical service. The Pope's story is included in Dante's Purgatorio. Beautiful Virgin Mary from Krużlowa, National Museum in Kraków. Avignon Papacy, 1305-1403: Yves Renouard: 9780571091591: Books - Amazon.ca. Also, a dispute between the french crown and the papacy was going on. The papacy was generally identified with Rome and was never trusted while it was in Avignon. Notable painters included Master Theoderic and the Master of the Třeboň Altarpiece in Bohemia, the Master of the Parement, Jacquemart de Hesdin and the Netherlandish Limbourg brothers in France, and Gentile da Fabriano, Lorenzo Monaco and Pisanello in Italy, the last taking the style into the Early Renaissance. Skip to main content. what order did Catherine join at the age of 7. He was the third Avignon Pope after John XXII. The Avignon Papacy was the period from 1309 to 1376 during which seven successive popes resided in Avignon (then in the Kingdom of Arles, part of the Holy Roman … Decoration became increasingly ornate as the style developed in Northern Europe, whereas in Italy the increased sophistication of figure painting was absorbed into Early Renaissance painting. Answer: The Avignon Papacy was the time period in which the Roman Catholic pope resided in Avignon, France, instead of in Rome, from approximately 1309 to 1377. The marriage in 1384 between the young King Richard II of England and Charles IV's daughter Anne of Bohemia helped to connect Prague and London, and bring the style to England, although Anne died in 1394. Much of the development of the style occurred in Italy, and it probably spread north of the Alps to influence France partly through the colony of Italian artists attached to the Papal Court at Avignon, and the works displayed from the residence there in the 1330s and 1340s of Simone Martini, a Sienese precursor of the style. Avignon definition: a city in SE France , on the Rhône: seat of the papacy (1309–77); famous 12th-century... | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples The papacy made a great deal of money from the pilgrims who poured into Rome as a result. Their priority was to reclaim their rights in the Papal States, during the ‘Babylonian Captivity’ of the Pope in Avignon local rulers had seized much of central Italy. Seven popes resided in Avignon: Pope Clement V - 1305-1314 Pope John XXII - 1316-1334 Pope Benedict XII - 1334-1342 Pope Clement VI - 1342-1352 Pope Innocent VI - 1352-1362 Pope Urban V - 1362-1370 Pope Gregory XI - 1370-1378 AVIGNON PAPACY Finally, on September 13, 1376, Gregory Benedict XIII: 1394–1423 (expelled from Avignon in 1403) Benedict XIII was succeeded by three antipopes, who had li… Because of the pope's attack on the Rule of Saint Francis, William of Ockham, Michael of Cesena and other leading Franciscans fled Pope Urban V: 1362–1370 7. The Chatsworth Hunts (Victoria and Albert Museum) are inspired by Gaston de Foix's book on hunting and the many weavings of Trojan War cycles by contemporary romances. Petrarch studied law at the University of Montpellier (1316–1320) and the University of Bologna (1320–23); because his father was in the profession of law he insisted that Petrarch and his brother study law also. This led to the papacy needing to prove themselves politically and economically. In 1414, this finally comes to the end, this period of the Avignon Papacy, this period of schism, when Emperor Sigismund called a new council at Constance, and a new Pope was elected, Martin V. And this ended the century of the Avignon Papacy and this period of rival Popes. It was in the 4th century BC that the Massaliotes (people from Marseilles) began to sign treaties of alliance with some cities in the Rhone valley including Avignon and Cavaillon. Lorenzo Monaco, Adoration of the Magi, 1420–22. Tapestry too was an art that was portable. He spent much of his early life at Avignon and nearby Carpentras, where his family moved to follow Pope Clement V, who moved there in 1309 to begin the Avignon Papacy. Pope Clement VII continued the cultural and artistic activity prevalent during the Avignon papacy and founded the Convent of the Celestins. Italian interests in the papacy had in past centuries resulted in just as much corruption as in Avignon, if not more so, but this did not stop Italians from attacking the Avignon popes with fervor. To ensure the best experience, please update your browser. Likewise, the French cardinals named during this period outnumbered those from all other nations 112 to 22. The Saint-Bénézet bridge spans the Rhône River at Avignon, France. In the history of the Roman Catholic Church, the Avignon Papacy was the period from 1305 to 1378 during which the Bishop of Rome, the Pope, lived in Avignon (now a part of France) rather than in Rome.Seven popes, all French, resided in Avignon during this period: . Gregory is the pope that goes back home but dies there very quickly (this happens to 2 popes) Urban IV . Chronological List of African Independence. how many children did Catherine's mother have and which child was catherine. The papacy's reputation suffered because of its inability to reform itself, to bring an end to the 100 Years' War, or to provide sacraments during the Black Death. HISTORY OF THE PAPACY including Crusades with a difference, Innocent and the holy beggars, Inquisition, The popes and Sicily, France and the papacy, The popes at Avignon, The Great Schism, Council of Constance Masterpieces of Western Art: A History of Art in 900 Individual Studies from the Gothic to the Present Day, WGA: Definition of the International Gothic style, "Turn the pages of eight sacred texts on screen", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Gothic&oldid=994663105, Wikipedia articles containing unlinked shortened footnotes, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 16 December 2020, at 21:55. In 1430 Jean Carrier was elected pope in Avignon and also chose the name Benedict XIV. Avignon Papacy is within the scope of WikiProject Catholicism, an attempt to better organize and improve the quality of information in articles related to the Catholic Church. Charlemagne Picture Gallery. Learn term:avignon+papacy = n with free interactive flashcards. The schism in the Western Roman Church resulted from the return of the papacy to Rome by Gregory XI on January 17, 1377. 1420, Madonna by Sassetta, a late representative of the distinctive Siennese style. Now, what's so important about the Avignon papacy is that it really weakened the Pope. Usage of the terms by art historians varies somewhat, with some using the term more restrictively than others. (right side). This innovation was to survive the style itself. [17] In similar fashion the Limbourg brothers' masterpiece the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry was followed within a few years by the Turin-Milan Hours, a continuation of a manuscript started decades before by the Parement Master for the Duke of Berry, which despite a Gothic framework pioneered a very different style of painting. In painting and sculpture, the style is sometimes known in German as the "Schöne Stil" or "Weicher Stil" ("Beautiful style" or "Soft style"). who did the Avignon Papacy end with, and who persuaded him to move the Papal Residence to Rome. Timeline Conclusion Aftermath In the years after, the legitimacy of Rome's current Popes was debated heavily. He spent much of his early life at Avignon and nearby Carpentras, where his family moved to follow Pope Clement V, who moved there in 1309 to begin the Avignon Papacy. ), from the Hanseatic city of Toruń in Poland, Roudnice Madonna, c. 1385–90, Master of the Třeboň Altarpiece, Bohemia, The Well of Moses by the Dutch sculptor Claus Sluter, 1395–1403, The Virgin and the Child of Poligny by the Dutch sculptor Claus de Werve, 1396–ca. Under the consistent patronage of the Dukes of Burgundy,[15] their courtly International Gothic style, elongated figures, rich details of attire, crowded composition, with figures disposed in tiers, owe their inspiration to manuscript illuminators and directly to painters: Baudouin de Bailleul, a painter established at Arras, supplied cartoons for tapestry workshops there and at Tournai, where elements of a local style are hard to distinguish (Weigert, p. 44). In architecture, where the style was long-lasting, local varieties of it are often known as Perpendicular architecture in England, and as Sondergotik in Germany and Central Europe, Flamboyant Gothic in France, and later the Manueline in Portugal, and the Isabelline in Spain. These disputes arose simultaneous to a growing national identity as political, social, and cultural events in Europe were transforming societies into early modern nation states. It was the capital of the papacy from 1309 to 1377. Other large-scale collectors included Wenceslas, the son of Charles IV, John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford, son of Henry IV of England and "Regent" of English-occupied France, and the Dukes of Burgundy. Conrad von Soest, based in Dortmund Germany, Crucifixion, 1403. Writes Belloc, “This change (or rather interlude, for the change was not permanent) fell just at the moment when a national spirit was beginning to develop in the various regions of Europe…” Would live there for the next 69 years in 1377, pope Gregory:! There was a power struggle between the papacy she went to Avignon her willingness to tend the,. As the style with a strongly monumental effect Duchy of Burgundy, interest! Modelling, and who persuaded him to move the papacy needing to prove themselves and. Prague, he first used a French or English artist in Northern Europe Italian! Of Vaucluse département, Provence–Alpes–Côte d ’ Azur région, southeastern France and painted wood, the. 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