For the vast majority of contact situations around the world we have no specific information about their onsets. However, Language policy refers to the more general linguistic, political and social goals underlying the actual language planning process. Sometimes the highly visible symbolic status of language makes it a convenient pretext for interethnic hostilities: conflicts over language policies have erupted over the past few decades in many countries, among them the former Yugoslavia, where Croatian nationalists demanded linguistic autonomy years before the country's break-up; South Africa, where lethal riots broke out in the 1970s over the apartheid regime's insistence that the use of Afrikaans be increased in the townships' school systems; and Sri Lanka, where violent Tamil separatist activities were triggered by the ‘Sinhalese-only’ policy that the government established in the mid-1950s. This percentage is even likely to decrease further as more and more children in upper secondary education study languages (essentially English, but to some extent French and German also). The article also reviews language issues arising at the international level, including the United Nations, the European Union, and concludes with a projection of the emerging global language system. With the six largest languages included, 16% of the EU population would still remain disenfranchised. These relations between the arts, culture, and sovereign power have undergone a number of mutations in the subsequent development of the rationales underlying state support for specific kinds of cultural provision. The Special Eurobarometer 243 (2006) survey on which the simulations are based was carried out in November 2005 in 29 countries, including all 25 member countries of the European Union, Bulgaria, and Romania (who were not yet members in 2005), and two candidate countries, Croatia and Turkey. Disenfranchisement in the sequence of optimal language sets: young respondents (in %). This differs from other definitions, such as official language and working language, as this category considers a broader set of organisational policy and actions directed towards language. Pakistan is a multilingual country with six major and over 57 small languages. For the title of this book, the term language policy is adopted for two reasons: (1) terminological simplicity, and (2) within accepted definitions of language planning, there is an assumption that some agent (s) makes a plan intended to influence language forms or functions, yet, there are many examples of language policy that are not intentional and/or not planned. This is illustrated by way of case studies illustrating an array of diverse situations, including the United States, France, Belgium, Canada, and postcolonial countries in Asia and Africa. Attitudes toward the use of two or more languages within a community vary widely, however. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. 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